FUW TRENDS IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
(A Peer Review Journal)
e–ISSN: 2408–5162; p–ISSN: 2048–5170
keywords: Blacksmith, contamination, health hazards, heavy metals, pollution index, soil
This research workwas carried out to determine the heavy metals content in soil around the vicinity of blacksmith workshops in Zaria, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from five different locations Chikaji, Danmagaji, Gwargwaje, Jushi waje, and Kasuwan mata where local blacksmith activities are being carried out. Soil sample was also collected about 10 km away from these locations to serve as the control. Dried and sieved soil samples were digested using aqua regia and Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.The physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, particle size/soil texture, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, pH, chloride, sulphate and phosphate contents in the soil were also determined. The results obtained indicated that the soil was sandy loam. The Cd(0.10±0.00 -2.35±0.05 mg/kg), Cr(0.49±0.07- 2.64±0.06mg/Kg, Cu(36.1±0.75 -105.56±8.97 mg/kg)and Pb(46.19 - 140.70 mg/kg) levels at the study sites were higher than the corresponding control values. The degree of pollution of various metals using the graded standard of Nemero pollution index varied. The concentrations of the metals were found to be above the recommended limits given by USEPA/WHO. This could pose risks and hazards to human and the ecosystem through direct ingestion of contaminated soil.
Agbenin JO 1995. Laboratory Manual for soil and plant analysis: selected methods and data analysis, A.B.U. Zaria, Nigeria. Alloway BJ 1990. Heavy Metals in Soils. John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 339. ATSDR 2012. Toxicology Profiles for Metals. Blv, Atlanta USA. Badel KM, Raviraj V & Kumar LU 2011. Speciation of chromium in soil and sludge in the surrounding. Tannary region, Ranipest, Tamil Nadu. International Scholarly Research Notice Toxicology, volume 2011. Chaitali VM & Jayashree D 2013. Review of heavy metals in drinking water and their effect on human health. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Engr. & Techn., 2(7): 2992 – 2996. Costa G 2015. Gardening Australia. Fact Sheet on Safe Soil. ABC Dhal B, Thatoi HN Das NN & Pandey BD 2013. Chemical and microbial remediation of hexavalent chromium from contaminated soil and mining/metallurgical solid waste. A review. J. Hazardous Materials, 250 – 251: 272 – 291. Gebrekidan M & Samuel Z 2011. Concentration of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water from Urban Areas of the Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. MEJS. 3(1): 105-121. Gupta SK 1975. Partitioning of trace metals in selective chemical fraction of near shore sediments. Environ. Lett., 10: 129 – 158. Hong-gui D, Teng-feng G, Ming-hui L & Xu D 2012. Comparison assessment model on heavy metal pollution in soil. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7: 5286 – 5296. Idris A & Kamaluddeen M 2015. Heavy metal contamination of soil and plants in the vicinity of blacksmith workshop in Kazaure town, Nigeria: Health impact analysis. Proceedings of the International Academic Conference for Sub-Sahara African Transformation & Development Vol. 3 No.2 March, 12-13 2015. University of Ilorin, Kwara State – Nigeria. Jeff B 2001. Soil and Water Relationships. https//www.noble.org/news/publications. Kabata-Pendias A & Pendias H 1992. Trace elements in soil and plants. CRC Press, London. Lenntech BV 2016. Health effects of copper. Rotterdameweg 402 M. Delff, USA. www.lenntech.com/periodic/element/Cu.htm. Maderova L, Watson M & Paton GD 2011. Bioavailability and toxicity of copper in soils: integrating chemical approaches with responses of microbial biosensors. Soil Bio. & Biochem., 43(6): 1162 – 1168. Mandre M, Ots K, Rauk J & Tuulmets L 1998. Impact of air pollution emitted from Cement industry on forest bioproduction. Oil Shale, 15:353 – 364. McCauley A, Jones C & Jacobsen J 2009. Soil pH and organic matter: Nutrient Management, Montana, USA. McGrath SP & Smith S 1990. Chromium and nickel. In: Heavy metals in soils (edited by Alloway BJ), pp 125 – 146. Blackie, London. McLaughlin MJ, Hamon RE, McLaren RG, Speir TW & Rogers SL 2000. A review: A bioavailability-based rationale for controlling metal and metalloid contamination of agricultural land in Australia and New Zealand. Australian J. Soil Res., 38(6): 1037–1086. Momodu MA & Anyakora CA 2010. Heavy metal contamination of ground water: The surulere case study. Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci., 2: 39-43. Mordi RI, Udom GN & Zuofa K 2002. Properties, classification and management implication of soils in the backswamps of the upper deltaic plain. Science Forum. J. Pure & Appl. Sci., 5(2): 171 – 182. Najib NWAZ, Syakirah AM, Saffaatul HI, Wan A, Yang ZP, Lu WX, Long YQ, Ban XH & Yang QC 2012 Assessment of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoil from Changchun City, China. J. Geochem. Exploration, 108(1): 27-38. Nikki P 2015. Copper and Soil: How Copper Affects Plants. Gardening know how. Olle S 2013. Estimation of Medical Geology. Revised edition, Springer, USA, p. 385. Raymond AW& Okieimen FE 2011. Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. International Scholarly Research Notices Ecology, Volume 2011, Article ID 402647. Ruqia N, Muslim K, Muhammad M, Hameed R, Naveed R, Surrya S, Nosheen A, Muhammad SM, Muhammad R & Zeenat S 2015. Accumulation of Heavy Metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe) in the soil, water and plants and analysis of physico-chemical parameters of soil and water Collected from Tanda Dam kohat. J. Pharmac. Sci. & Res., 7(3): 2015, 89-97. Shaheen DG 1975. Contributions of Urban Roadway Usage to Water Pollution, 600/2-75-004. US Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. Swartjes FA 2011. Dealing with contaminated sites: From theory towards practical application. Spinger, USA, p. 300. US Health Services 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS, online database). National Toxicology Information Program, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. 1993. Vern G & Don R 2011. Interpreting the results of soil tests for heavy metals. University of Vermont Extension, USA. Wild A 1988. Russel’s soil condition and plant growth. 11th ed. Longman, London. Yang S, Zhou D, Yu H, Wei R & Pan B 2011. Distribution and speciation of Metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in agricultural and non-agricultural soil snear as tream up river from the Pearl River, China. Environmental Pollution, 177: 64-70. Zakka IY, Omoniyi KI & Musa H 2014. A study of the uptake of heavy metals by plants near metal-scrap dumpsite in Zaria, Nigeria. J. Appl. Chem., volume 2014, ID394650. Zakka, I.Y., Agbaji, E.B., Gimba, C.E. and Idris, S.O.(2015). Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Vetivera zizanioides, Cymbopogon citrates and Helliantus annus. Amer. J. Appl. Chem., 3(1): 1 – 5.
